IntroductionOverview of Maintenance PracticeSurvey of Machinery Maintenance PracticesComponents of a Maintenance Program
Run-to-Failure MaintenancePeriodic Preventive MaintenancePredictive MaintenanceBenefits of Predictive MaintenancePro-active MaintenanceBenefits of Pro-active MaintenanceCase StudiesIntroduction to VibrationWhat is Vibration?Simple Harmonic MotionEquations of MotionDynamics of Mechanical SystemsVibration Amplitude MeasurementThe Concept of PhaseVibration UnitsSummary of Amplitude Units:Displacement, Velocity and AccelerationComplex VibrationEnergy and Power ConsiderationsLinear and Non-Linear SystemsFrequency AnalysisWhy perform Frequency Analysis?How to perform Frequency AnalysisExamples of some wave forms and their spectraModulation EffectsBeatsOctave Band and One-Third Octave Band AnalysisLinear and Logarithmic Amplitude ScalesVibration TransducersThe FFT AnalyzerBackgroundSpectrum AnalysisForms of the Fourier TransformThe Fourier SeriesThe Fourier Integral TransformThe Discrete Fourier TransformThe Fast Fourier TransformAnalog to Digital ConversionAliasingLeakageWindowsThe Hanning WindowOverlap ProcessingThe Picket Fence EffectAveragingTime Synchronous AveragingPitfalls in the FFTMachine Vibration MonitoringIntroductionPractical Aspects of Vibration MeasurementTest Point LocationVibration Sensor OrientationTriaxial MeasurementsOrientation ExamplesSensor Mounting Pads -- "Blocking"Vibration SurveysThe Concept of Spectrum ComparisonMachine Vibration AnalysisIntroductionThe Vibration Test and Analysis Guide (VTAG)Checking for Data ValidityStep-by-Step Analysis of SpectraIdentifying the First Order (1X) PeakTime Domain AnalysisThe Waveform vs. the SpectrumFFT Analyzer Setup for Waveform CollectionAcceleration vs. VelocityPhase in the Time DomainThe Wave Form as an analytical toolOrbit PlotsImpacts vs. Random NoiseRandom of Non-Periodic ImpactsTruncation or flattening of the signalLow-frequency eventsCrest FactorSynchronous AveragingAnalyzer Set-Up for Synchronous AveragingCase Histories using Synchronous AveragingCepstrum AnalysisStatistical Properties of Vibration SignalsAmplitude DemodulationWhat is Amplitude Modulation?BeatsAmplitude Modulation in Machine Vibration SignaturesAmplitude Demodulation Applied to Bearing AnalysisEvaluating Demodulated Bearing SpectraAppearance of Demodulated SpectraDemodulation Case HistoriesRoot Cause Failure AnalysisMachine DiagnosisImbalanceMisalignmentParallel MisalignmentAngular MisalignmentGeneral MisalignmentTemperature Effects on AlignmentCauses of MisalignmentBent ShaftJournal BearingsRolling Element BearingsRolling Element Bearing WearSidebandsMisaligned ("cocked") Rolling Element BearingsRolling Element Bearing LoosenessMechanical LoosenessElectrically Induced VibrationAC Electric MotorsSources of VibrationMechanical Sources of Vibration in MotorsRotor Bar ProblemsD.C. MotorsTurbinesPumpsFansCouplingsDrive BeltsMismatched, Worn, or Stretched BeltsEccentric Sheaves, Sheave RunoutSheave MisalignmentBelt Resonance, or Belt SlapGearboxesHunting Tooth Gear SetsCommensurable Tooth CountsGhost ComponentsDamaged Gear TeethEccentric Gears and Bent ShaftsPlanetary GearsCentrifugal CompressorsReciprocating MachinesDiagnostic Summary ChartsEstimating Vibration SeverityIndexGlossary of Terms